Regional: 2025 Time Is Brain: Advances in Stroke Care (20th Annual): Secondary Stroke Prevention Trials (11:15 AM)

Secondary Stroke Prevention Trials (11:15 AM)

Amanda Crooks, MD
Vascular Neurology Fellow, Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Articles

2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, Cockroft KM, Gutierrez J, Lombardi-Hill D, Kamel H, Kernan WN, Kittner SJ, Leira EC, Lennon O, Meschia JF, Nguyen TN, Pollak PM, Santangeli P, Sharrief AZ, Smith SC Jr, Turan TN, Williams LS. 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021 Jul;52(7):e364-e467. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000375. Epub 2021 May 24. Erratum in: Stroke. 2021 Jul;52(7):e483-e484. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000383. PMID: 34024117.
Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation
Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, Al-Khalidi HR, Ansell J, Atar D, Avezum A, Bahit MC, Diaz R, Easton JD, Ezekowitz JA, Flaker G, Garcia D, Geraldes M, Gersh BJ, Golitsyn S, Goto S, Hermosillo AG, Hohnloser SH, Horowitz J, Mohan P, Jansky P, Lewis BS, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Parkhomenko A, Verheugt FW, Zhu J, Wallentin L; ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 15;365(11):981-92. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107039. Epub 2011 Aug 27. PMID: 21870978.
Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, Cimminiello C, Csiba L, Kaste M, Leys D, Matias-Guiu J, Rupprecht HJ; MATCH investigators. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Jul 24-30;364(9431):331-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16721-4. PMID: 15276392.
Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke
Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, Palesch Y, Martin RH, Albers GW, Bath P, Bornstein N, Chan BP, Chen ST, Cunha L, Dahlöf B, De Keyser J, Donnan GA, Estol C, Gorelick P, Gu V, Hermansson K, Hilbrich L, Kaste M, Lu C, Machnig T, Pais P, Roberts R, Skvortsova V, Teal P, Toni D, Vandermaelen C, Voigt T, Weber M, Yoon BW; PRoFESS Study Group. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 18;359(12):1238-51. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0805002. Epub 2008 Aug 27. PMID: 18753638; PMCID: PMC2714259.
Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators
Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, Fox AJ, Ferguson GG, Haynes RB, Rankin RN, Clagett GP, Hachinski VC, Sackett DL, Thorpe KE, Meldrum HE, Spence JD. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med. 1998 Nov 12;339(20):1415-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199811123392002. PMID: 9811916.
Carotid revascularization and medical management for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: Protocol of the CREST-2 clinical trials
Howard VJ, Meschia JF, Lal BK, Turan TN, Roubin GS, Brown RD Jr, Voeks JH, Barrett KM, Demaerschalk BM, Huston J 3rd, Lazar RM, Moore WS, Wadley VG, Chaturvedi S, Moy CS, Chimowitz M, Howard G, Brott TG; CREST-2 study investigators. Carotid revascularization and medical management for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: Protocol of the CREST-2 clinical trials. Int J Stroke. 2017 Oct;12(7):770-778. doi: 10.1177/1747493017706238. Epub 2017 May 2. PMID: 28462683; PMCID: PMC5987521.
Clopidogrel and Aspirin in Acute Ischemic Stroke and High-Risk TIA
Johnston SC, Easton JD, Farrant M, Barsan W, Conwit RA, Elm JJ, Kim AS, Lindblad AS, Palesch YY; Clinical Research Collaboration, Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials Network, and the POINT Investigators. Clopidogrel and Aspirin in Acute Ischemic Stroke and High-Risk TIA. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 19;379(3):215-225. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800410. Epub 2018 May 16. PMID: 29766750; PMCID: PMC6193486.
Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack
Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu L, Wang D, Wang C, Wang C, Li H, Meng X, Cui L, Jia J, Dong Q, Xu A, Zeng J, Li Y, Wang Z, Xia H, Johnston SC; CHANCE Investigators. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 4;369(1):11-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215340. Epub 2013 Jun 26. PMID: 23803136.
Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale
Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J, Mauri L, Adams H, Albers GW, Felberg R, Herrmann H, Kar S, Landzberg M, Raizner A, Wechsler L; CLOSURE I Investigators. Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale. N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 15;366(11):991-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009639. PMID: 22417252.
Dabigatran for Prevention of Stroke after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
Diener HC, Sacco RL, Easton JD, Granger CB, Bernstein RA, Uchiyama S, Kreuzer J, Cronin L, Cotton D, Grauer C, Brueckmann M, Chernyatina M, Donnan G, Ferro JM, Grond M, Kallmünzer B, Krupinski J, Lee BC, Lemmens R, Masjuan J, Odinak M, Saver JL, Schellinger PD, Toni D, Toyoda K; RE-SPECT ESUS Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran for Prevention of Stroke after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med. 2019 May 16;380(20):1906-1917. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1813959. PMID: 31091372.
Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation
Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Themeles E, Varrone J, Wang S, Alings M, Xavier D, Zhu J, Diaz R, Lewis BS, Darius H, Diener HC, Joyner CD, Wallentin L; RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 17;361(12):1139-51. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0905561. Epub 2009 Aug 30. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 4;363(19):1877. PMID: 19717844.
Dual Antiplatelet Treatment up to 72 Hours after Ischemic Stroke
Gao Y, Chen W, Pan Y, Jing J, Wang C, Johnston SC, Amarenco P, Bath PM, Jiang L, Yang Y, Wang T, Han S, Meng X, Lin J, Zhao X, Liu L, Zhao J, Li Y, Zang Y, Zhang S, Yang H, Yang J, Wang Y, Li D, Wang Y, Liu D, Kang G, Wang Y, Wang Y; INSPIRES Investigators. Dual Antiplatelet Treatment up to 72 Hours after Ischemic Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2023 Dec 28;389(26):2413-2424. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2309137. PMID: 38157499.
Early versus Later Anticoagulation for Stroke with Atrial Fibrillation
Fischer U, Koga M, Strbian D, Branca M, Abend S, Trelle S, Paciaroni M, Thomalla G, Michel P, Nedeltchev K, Bonati LH, Ntaios G, Gattringer T, Sandset EC, Kelly P, Lemmens R, Sylaja PN, Aguiar de Sousa D, Bornstein NM, Gdovinova Z, Yoshimoto T, Tiainen M, Thomas H, Krishnan M, Shim GC, Gumbinger C, Vehoff J, Zhang L, Matsuzono K, Kristoffersen E, Desfontaines P, Vanacker P, Alonso A, Yakushiji Y, Kulyk C, Hemelsoet D, Poli S, Paiva Nunes A, Caracciolo N, Slade P, Demeestere J, Salerno A, Kneihsl M, Kahles T, Giudici D, Tanaka K, Räty S, Hidalgo R, Werring DJ, Göldlin M, Arnold M, Ferrari C, Beyeler S, Fung C, Weder BJ, Tatlisumak T, Fenzl S, Rezny-Kasprzak B, Hakim A, Salanti G, Bassetti C, Gralla J, Seiffge DJ, Horvath T, Dawson J; ELAN Investigators. Early versus Later Anticoagulation for Stroke with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jun 29;388(26):2411-2421. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2303048. Epub 2023 May 24. PMID: 37222476.
Effect of In-Bed Leg Cycling and Electrical Stimulation of the Quadriceps on Global Muscle Strength in Critically Ill Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Fossat G, Baudin F, Courtes L, Bobet S, Dupont A, Bretagnol A, Benzekri-Lefèvre D, Kamel T, Muller G, Bercault N, Barbier F, Runge I, Nay MA, Skarzynski M, Mathonnet A, Boulain T. Effect of In-Bed Leg Cycling and Electrical Stimulation of the Quadriceps on Global Muscle Strength in Critically Ill Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018 Jul 24;320(4):368-378. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.9592. PMID: 30043066; PMCID: PMC6583091.
European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke
Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1996 Nov;143(1-2):1-13. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(96)00308-5. PMID: 8981292.
Hemorrhagic transformation in cardioembolic cerebral infarction
Hornig CR, Bauer T, Simon C, Trittmacher S, Dorndorf W. Hemorrhagic transformation in cardioembolic cerebral infarction. Stroke. 1993 Mar;24(3):465-8. doi: 10.1161/01.str.24.3.465. PMID: 8446984.
High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack
Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE, Sillesen H, Simunovic L, Szarek M, Welch KM, Zivin JA; Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 10;355(6):549-59. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061894. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 13;378(25):2450. doi: 10.1056/NEJMx180019. PMID: 16899775.
The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group (Abstract)
The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1997 May 31;349(9065):1569-81. PMID: 9174558.
Long-Term Outcomes of Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Medical Therapy after Stroke
Saver JL, Carroll JD, Thaler DE, Smalling RW, MacDonald LA, Marks DS, Tirschwell DL; RESPECT Investigators. Long-Term Outcomes of Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Medical Therapy after Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 14;377(11):1022-1032. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1610057. PMID: 28902590.
A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee (Abstract)
CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet. 1996 Nov 16;348(9038):1329-39. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)09457-3. PMID: 8918275.
Risk and Secondary Prevention of Stroke Recurrence: A Population-Base Cohort Study
Flach C, Muruet W, Wolfe CDA, Bhalla A, Douiri A. Risk and Secondary Prevention of Stroke Recurrence: A Population-Base Cohort Study. Stroke. 2020 Aug;51(8):2435-2444. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028992. Epub 2020 Jul 10. PMID: 32646337; PMCID: PMC7382537.
Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, Kasner SE, Bangdiwala SI, Berkowitz SD, Swaminathan B, Lavados P, Wang Y, Wang Y, Davalos A, Shamalov N, Mikulik R, Cunha L, Lindgren A, Arauz A, Lang W, Czlonkowska A, Eckstein J, Gagliardi RJ, Amarenco P, Ameriso SF, Tatlisumak T, Veltkamp R, Hankey GJ, Toni D, Bereczki D, Uchiyama S, Ntaios G, Yoon BW, Brouns R, Endres M, Muir KW, Bornstein N, Ozturk S, O'Donnell MJ, De Vries Basson MM, Pare G, Pater C, Kirsch B, Sheridan P, Peters G, Weitz JI, Peacock WF, Shoamanesh A, Benavente OR, Joyner C, Themeles E, Connolly SJ; NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators. Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 7;378(23):2191-2201. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802686. Epub 2018 May 16. PMID: 29766772.
Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, Breithardt G, Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Piccini JP, Becker RC, Nessel CC, Paolini JF, Berkowitz SD, Fox KA, Califf RM; ROCKET AF Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8;365(10):883-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009638. Epub 2011 Aug 10. PMID: 21830957.
Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein
Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, Koenig W, Libby P, Lorenzatti AJ, MacFadyen JG, Nordestgaard BG, Shepherd J, Willerson JT, Glynn RJ; JUPITER Study Group. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 20;359(21):2195-207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0807646. Epub 2008 Nov 9. PMID: 18997196.
Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis
Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, Turan TN, Fiorella D, Lane BF, Janis LS, Lutsep HL, Barnwell SL, Waters MF, Hoh BL, Hourihane JM, Levy EI, Alexandrov AV, Harrigan MR, Chiu D, Klucznik RP, Clark JM, McDougall CG, Johnson MD, Pride GL Jr, Torbey MT, Zaidat OO, Rumboldt Z, Cloft HJ; SAMMPRIS Trial Investigators. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 15;365(11):993-1003. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105335. Epub 2011 Sep 7. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 5;367(1):93. PMID: 21899409; PMCID: PMC3552515.
Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis
Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G, Roubin GS, Clark WM, Brooks W, Mackey A, Hill MD, Leimgruber PP, Sheffet AJ, Howard VJ, Moore WS, Voeks JH, Hopkins LN, Cutlip DE, Cohen DJ, Popma JJ, Ferguson RD, Cohen SN, Blackshear JL, Silver FL, Mohr JP, Lal BK, Meschia JF; CREST Investigators. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 1;363(1):11-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0912321. Epub 2010 May 26. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 29;363(5):498. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 8;363(2):198. PMID: 20505173; PMCID: PMC2932446.
Ticagrelor and Aspirin or Aspirin Alone in Acute Ischemic Stroke or TIA
Johnston SC, Amarenco P, Denison H, Evans SR, Himmelmann A, James S, Knutsson M, Ladenvall P, Molina CA, Wang Y; THALES Investigators. Ticagrelor and Aspirin or Aspirin Alone in Acute Ischemic Stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 16;383(3):207-217. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1916870. PMID: 32668111.